Three-dimensional HPLC analysis revealed that the plant's aqueous extract contains several different chemical compounds, including 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranose (PGG). No significant adverse effects/toxicity were observed following treatment with PGG. As observed with Paeonia suffruticosa, PGG alone inhibited Aβ fibril formation and destabilized pre-formed Aβ fibrils in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that both Paeonia suffruticosa and its active component PGG have strong inhibitory effects on the formation of Aβ fibrils in vitro and in vivo. PGG is likely to be a safe and promising precursor compound in the development of disease-modifying drugs to prevent and/or treat Alzheimer's Disease.

In our experiments, PGG inhibited Aβ oligomerization. Furthermore, treatment of SK-N-SH cells with PGG at concentrations similar to those inhibiting Aβ aggregation significantly protected the cells from Aβ1–42 toxicity. Therefore, our experiments demonstrate that PGG inhibits not only Aβ fibril formation but also neurotoxic Aβ oligomer formation. Additionally, oral administration of PGG reduced Aβ plaque load and Aβ peptide content in brain tissue from Tg2576 mice, as observed in Paeonia suffruticosa. This reduction is thought to be due to the destabilization of Aβ fibrils. Paeonia suffruticosa seed husk extracts (PSCE) and their stilbene components exhibit neuroprotective effects via cholinergic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory pathways.

PUBLICATIONS ON THE SUBJECT:

** Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:932823. doi:10.1155/2012/932823.

Paeonol Protects Memory after Ischemic Stroke via Inhibiting β-Secretase and Apoptosis

** J Oleo Sci. 2021 Aug 5;70(8):1133-1146. doi:10.5650/jos.ess21040.

Enzyme-assisted Solvent Extraction of High-yield Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. Seed Oil and Fatty Acid Composition and Anti-Alzheimer's Disease Activity

** Molecules. 2022 Apr 29;27(9):2829. doi:10.3390/molecules27092829.

Chemical Diversity and Potential Target Network of Woody Peony Flower Essential Oil

**Front Pharmacol. 2022 Aug 12;13:952876. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.952876.

Integrating network pharmacology analysis and pharmacodynamic evaluation for exploring the active components and molecular mechanism of moutan seed coat extract to improve cognitive impairment

** J Neurochem. 2009 Jun;109(6):1648-57. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06069.x.

A traditional medicinal herb Paeonia suffruticosa and its active constituent have potent anti-aggregation effects on Alzheimer's amyloid beta proteins